Impacto de uma sessão de sensibilização na aula de Educação Física nas atitudes de estudantes face à inclusão de colegas com deficiência / Impactode una sesión de sensibilización en la clase de Educación Física enlas actitudes de los estudiantes hacia la inclusión de pares condiscapacidad / The impact of an awareness session in Physical Education class on students’ attitudes towards the inclusion of peers with disabilities

Las percepciones de los estudiantes son un factor clave para la inclusión exitosa de sus pares con discapacidad. Ante el desafío docente de desarrollar estrategias que faciliten el proceso de inclusión, el presente estudio implementó un programa de sensibilización con el objetivo de investigar el impacto en las actitudes de los estudiantes hacia la inclusión de compañeros con discapacidad en sus clases de Educación Física (EF). Se utilizó la versión portuguesa validada por Campos, Ferreira y Block (2014) del instrumento “The Children's Attitudes Towards Inclusion in Physical Education –Revised” (CAIPE-R) de Block (1995), en dos momentos, antes y después del programa de concientización. La intervención implicó una clase de educación física de 90 minutos. Participaron 94 estudiantes con edades entre 15 y 18 años (M= 15.45, DT= 0.65), 52.1% do sexo femenino(n=49), 43.6% so sexo masculino (n=41) y 4.3% identificado con no binario (n=4). Los participantes se dividieron en dos grupos, grupo experimental (n=44) y grupo control (n=50). Los resultados revelaron que el grupo experimental después de la intervención mostró diferencias en cuanto a las actitudes en la escala global y las ambas subescalas siendo que el programa de concientización resultó en percepciones más positivas por parte de los estudiantes respecto a la inclusión de sus pares con discapacidad en las clases de EF.(AU)

Students' perceptions are a key factor for the successful inclusion of their peers with disabilities. Considering the teaching challenge of developing facilitating strategies for the inclusion process, this study implemented an awareness program to investigate the impact on students' attitudes toward including colleagues with disabilities in their Physical Education (PE) classes. The Portuguese version validated by Campos et al. (2014) of the instrument “The Children's Attitudes Towards Inclusion in Physical Education –Revised” (CAIPE-R) by Block (1995) was used, in two moments, before and after the awareness program. The awareness intervention comprised a 90-minute PE class.Participants were 94 students, between 15 and 18 years old (M= 15.45, SD= 0.65), 52.1% female (n=49), 43.6% male (n=41), and 4.3% identified with non-binary (n=4). Participants were divided into two groups, the experimental group (n= 44) and the control group (n= 50).The results revealed that the experimental group after the intervention showed differences in attitudes on a global scale and both subscales, thus the awareness program resulted in more positive attitudes regarding the inclusion of peers with disabilities in PE classes.(AU)

As perceções dos estudantes são um fator fulcral para que a inclusão dos seus pares comdeficiência seja bem-sucedido. Perante o desafio docente em desenvolver estratégias facilitadoras ao processo de inclusão, o presente estudo implementou um programa de sensibilização com o objetivo de averiguar o impacto nas atitudes dos estudantes face à inclusão de colegas com deficiência nas suas aulas de Educação Física (EF). Foi utilizada a versão portuguesa validada por Campos et al. (2014) do instrumento “The Children’s Attitudes Towards Inclusion in Physical Education –Revised” (CAIPE-R) deBlock (1995), em dois momentos, antes e após o programa de sensibilização. A intervenção consistiu numa aulade EF de 90 minutos.Participaram 94 estudantes com idades compreendidas entre os 15 e 18 anos, (M= 15.45, DP= 0.65), 52.1% do género feminino (n=49), 43.6% do género masculino (n=41) e 4.3% identificavam se com não binários (n=4), sendo que não foram considerados para análise. Os participantes foram divididos em dois grupos, grupo experimental (n=44) e grupo de controlo (n=50).Os resultados revelaram que o grupo experimental após a intervenção apresentou diferenças em termos de atitudes na escala global e em ambas as subescalas, sendo que o programa de sensibilização resultou em perceções mais positivas por parte dos estudantes face à inclusão dos seus pares com deficiência nas aulas de EF.(AU)

Physical Fitness Variables, General Health, Dementia and Quality of Life in Individuals with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities: A Cross-Sectional Study.

The average life expectancy of individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDDs) is increasing. However, living more years does not mean living better, leading to the need for research on comorbidities associated with the aging process. Associated with this process are the physical characteristics most prevalent in an individual with IDD: low levels of all physical capacities, the accumulation of central fat, hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, and hypertension, variables considered to be some of the main risk factors of the onset of metabolic and cardiovascular diseases, and variables that can negatively impact quality of life (QoL). Therefore, the aim of this study is to evaluate a sample of 21 institutionalized adults with IDD (42.81 ± 10.99 years old) in terms of their anthropometric characteristics, body composition, general health status, functional capacity, neuromuscular capacity, and dementia/cognitive function, and the possible associations with QoL. All assessments were performed in the laboratory of the Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education-University of Coimbra. Participants, in the present study, have low levels of physical fitness and high metabolic and cardiovascular markets, which need to be improved. On the other hand, functional and neuromuscular ability seems to be associated with QoL (p ≤ 0.05). This study highlights the role of primary and secondary care providers in diagnosis, prevention, and supporting individuals with IDDs to promote QoL.

Narrowing the Definition of Social Inclusion in Sport for People with Disabilities through a Scoping Review.

The concept and practice of social inclusion in sport are still undefined, causing confusion both in the field of sport policy and practice. According to the United Nations (UN), a conceptual and analytical work on what constitutes inclusion is needed. Therefore, this study aims to define social inclusion in sport for people with disabilities by reviewing the existing literature. Using a scoping review framework, articles related to a possible definition of social inclusion in sport or to the elements of this definition were reviewed. For the eighteen (18) articles selected, the focus was on 152 statements, which were grouped into 6 main categories, namely: policy (29), fundamental conditions (28), key elements (30), soft skills (20), field gaps (31), and best practices (14). Ten keywords were extracted from each of the six categories using the free online program cortical.io. All 60 keywords were then compared with each other. After deleting the duplicates, 24 keywords remained, which were classified into five major categories: (1) key people, (2) key environments, (3) key ways to use, (4) key benefits, and (5) key barriers, in order to create a descriptive definition of social inclusion in sport for people with disabilities that can contribute to the goals of the UN 2030 Agenda. In addition to the definition, relevant issues were also raised for in-depth discussion and further research.

Effects of exercise on body mass index and waist circumference of individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities: a systematic review with meta-analysis.

Introduction/Methods: This systematic review with meta-analysis aims to assess the magnitude of the effects of physical exercise programs on body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) of individuals with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities (IDD), metabolic and cardiovascular health markers. Results: Considering the eligibility criteria, a final sample of nine articles was obtained. For BMI, the Z-value obtained to test the null hypothesis (difference between means is zero), showed a Z = -2.176 and p = 0.03. The highest magnitude of the effect was from the intervention with combined training (difference in means: -0.399), with a value of Z = -1.815 and p = 0.07. For WC, the Z-value is zero, showing a Z = -3.306 and p = 0.001. The highest magnitude of the effect was from the intervention with continuous cardiorespiratory training of -0.786, with a value of Z = -2.793 and p = 0.005. Discussion: Physical exercise prevents increases in BMI and WC in individuals with IDD. Aerobic training seems to be more effective in promoting WC and combined training in BMI. Systematic Review Registration: [PROSPERO], identifier [CRD42021255316].

Quality of Life in Individuals with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities: The Congruency Effect between Reports.

Assessing quality of life (QoL) is important to provide personalized and individualized support plans with the purpose of improving personal outcomes. Based on the conceptual model of QoL, the aim of this study was to assess the congruence between the perceptions of institutionalized individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD) and the perception of a third party, regarding QoL. Forty-two individuals participated in this study, including twenty-one with mild to severe IDD and their family members/caregiver/reference technician, who responded to the Personal Outcomes Scale (Portuguese version). Significant differences (p < 0.05) were found between reports in the personal development (t = -2.26; p = 0.024), emotional well-being (t = -2.263; p = 0.024), physical well-being (t = -2.491; p = 0.013) and total QoL (t = -2.331; p = 0.02). The results further show that most third-party reports tend to undervalue the QoL of the individual with IDD, and that there is no congruence in any of the QoL domains. The inclusion of self-reports in the QoL assessment is important. In addition to the assessment of third-party reports, the process of making decisions appropriate to the context and individual characteristics is equally important. On the other hand, the inclusion of third-party reports is an opportunity to promote communication among all stakeholders, recognize and discuss differences, and promote QoL, not only of individuals with IDD, but also of families.

Effects of a 24-week exercise program on anthropometric, body composition, metabolic status, cardiovascular response, and neuromuscular capacity, in individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities.

Introduction: The prevalence of overweight and obesity has increased in the last decades, including in people with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities (IDD). This is even more concerning when it is globally accepted that a low physical condition contributes to the deterioration of functionality and increases the risk of developing chronic diseases during life, with effective implications for health and well-being. The aim of the present study is to investigate the effects of two physical exercise intervention programs on institutionalized individuals with IDD. Methods: Twenty-one adults with IDD (43.04 ± 11.18 years) were split by convenience into three groups: i) an indoor training group (IG; N = 7; 24-week machine-based gym intervention), ii) an outdoor training group (OG; N = 7; 24-week outdoor intervention with low-content materials), and iii) a control group (CG; N = 7). Assessed outcomes included indicators of health and neuromuscular capacity. The ShapiroWilk (n < 50) and Levene tests were used to verify data normality and homoscedasticity. A Kruskal-Walli test was performed to understand if there were differences between the groups. For comparison purposes and to assess hypothetical differences between groups, the Wilcoxon signed-rank test and the Friedman test were used. The respective effect size was calculated, and the significance level was defined at 0.05. Results/Discussion: There was a difference in fat mass in OG (initial ≠ intermediate; Bonferroni corrected: t = 2.405; p = 0.048; W = 0.08 and initial ≠ final moments; Bonferroni corrected: t = 2.405; p = 0.048; W = 0.08). Indoor intervention programs seem to be more effective than outdoor intervention programs for reducing heart rate rest (t = -2.912; p = 0.011; W = -0.104) when compared with CG. Conclusion: A low-cost outdoor intervention in contact with nature appears to be more effective for fat mass reduction. The results for heart rate variability are not clear and robust. Finally, an indoor intervention using weight-training machines appears to be a good method to promote neuromuscular capacity.

Effects of Physical Exercise Program in Adults with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities-A Study Protocol.

We developed a physical exercise (PE) program for people with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities (IDD), aiming to determine the effects on physical fitness, health, cognitive ability, and quality of life (QoL). Using experimental methodology, this intervention study recruited 21 adults (18 to 65 years old), institutionalized and with no other associated pathology, who will be allocated to one of the different groups: (i) gym/indoor intervention group (using weight machines), (ii) outdoor intervention group (using low-cost materials), or (iii) control group (without specific intervention, who continue with their normal daily activities). Both intervention groups will engage in 45 min of training per session, twice a week, for 24 weeks. Assessments will be conducted at baseline (initial assessment), 3 months (mid-term assessment), and 6 months (final assessment). Variables assessed include anthropometrics, body composition, functional capacity, muscle strength, general health, cognitive ability, and QoL. The results of this study will assist in the development of more effective strategies, recommendations, and interventions to ensure better and greater adherence to PE by institutionalized individuals with IDD, namely, recommendations for assessment, prescription, and implementation of PE for this population. Additionally, we intend to make available two PE programs, if they are adapted and promote positive effects.

Depressive Symptoms and Burnout in Football Players: A Systematic Review.

The purpose of this article was to systematically review and organise the available literature devoted to the topic of depressive symptoms and burnout in football players. A systematic search was conducted in Web of Science, Scopus, SPORTdiscus, PubMed, and Psychinfo for articles published up to June 2020. The searches yielded 1589 articles, and after the screening process, a total of 18 studies met the eligibility criteria and were included for review. Playing position and conflicts with coach/management seems to have a direct influence on the prevalence of depressive symptoms in current players as do the injuries and life events of former players. During the pre-competition phase, most of the athletes displayed reduced rates, indicating burnout. An exploration of the mental health of football players will help to create models of care and guide professionals so that they may help players achieve better performance while also having better wellbeing. Understanding how to prevent and cope with the emotional wellbeing of football players will be possible to guide players and coaches.

Impact of Different Aquatic Exercise Programs on Body Composition, Functional Fitness and Cognitive Function of Non-Institutionalized Elderly Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

Aquatic physical exercise programs have become progressively more popular among elderly people. Some of the major physical exercise program disadvantages on land are minimized due to the specific properties of the aquatic environment. The purpose of the present randomized controlled study is to verify the effects of different aquatic physical exercise programs on body composition, functional fitness and cognitive function in non-institutionalized elderly people. For this study, 102 elderly individuals were randomly allocated into four different groups: AerG (n = 25, 71.44 ± 4.84 years); IntG (n = 28, 72.64 ± 5.22 years); ComG (n = 29, 71.90 ± 5.67 years) and CG (n = 20, 73.60 ± 5.25 years). Individuals from the groups AerG, IntG and ComG participated in three different aquatic physical exercise programs for a period of 28 weeks. The CG participants kept to their usual routines. All participants were evaluated for body composition, functional fitness and cognitive function at two time moments, i.e., pre- (M1) and post-intervention (M2). Significant differences for body composition were found between M1 and M2 for FM (p < 0.001), LBM (p < 0.001) and WCir (p < 0.01) in the AerG, for BMI (p < 0.05), FM (p < 0.05), LBM (p < 0.001) and LCir-R (p < 0.05) in the IntG, and for WGT (p < 0.01), FM (p < 0.05), LBM (p < 0.01), LCir-R (p < 0.05) and LCir-L (p < 0.01) in the ComG groups. For functional fitness, differences were found between M1 and M2 for 2m-ST (p < 0.000), 30s-CS (p < 0.000), 30s-AC (p < 0.05), HG-T-R (p < 0.000) and HG-T-L (p < 0.000) in the AerG, for 2m-ST (p < 0.05), BS-R (p < 0.05), 30s-CS (p < 0.000), 30s-AC(p < 0.01), HG-T-R (p < 0.000) and HG-T-L (p < 0.000) in the IntG, and for 30s-CS (p < 0.000), HG-T-R (p < 0.000) and HG-T-L (p < 0.000) in the ComG groups. The present study evidenced the beneficial effects of physical exercise in an aquatic environment on body composition, functional fitness and cognitive function in non-institutionalized elderly adults. The ComG water-based exercise program showed more beneficial effects in the improvement of body composition and cognitive function variables, while the IntG and AerG programs were more effective in the improvement of functional fitness.

Lipschütz Genital Ulceration as Initial Manifestation of Primary Sjögren's Syndrome.

Genital ulcers are challenging to any clinician and causes transcend many specialties. Skin ulceration in patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome is infrequent but an established feature of cutaneous involvement. Although gynecological symptoms, such as vulvovaginal dryness, dyspareunia, and pruritus, are common in women with primary Sjögren's syndrome, patients affected by vulvar ulcers are unknown. We describe an exceptional case of necrotic aphthous-type vulvar ulceration as initial presentation of primary Sjögren's syndrome that was possibly triggered by an infectious agent. Successful healing was achieved with oral corticosteroids, despite some loss of labia minora and labia majora as sequelae of the necrotizing process. Reactive acute genital ulcers (Lipschütz ulcers) should be considered as a possible manifestation of many autoimmune/inflammatory disorders, beyond the classic associations such as Behçet's syndrome or Crohn's disease.

Study Protocol on Hormonal Mediation of Exercise on Cognition, Stress and Immunity (PRO-HMECSI): Effects of Different Exercise Programmes in Institutionalized Elders.

Physical activity (PA) in elders has been shown to have positive effects on a plethora of chronic diseases and to improve immunity, mental health, and cognition. Chronic stress has also been shown to have immuno-suppressive effects and to accelerate immunosenescence. Exercise could be a significant factor in ameliorating the deleterious effects of chronic stress, but variables such as the type, intensity, and frequency of exercise that should be performed in order to effectively reduce the stress burden need to be defined clearly. PRO-HMECSI will allow us to investigate which hormonal and immunological parameters are able to mediate the effects of exercise on mucosal immunity, psychological/biological stress, and cognitive functioning in older people. Phase I consists of an observational cross-sectional study that compares elders groups (n = 223, >65 years) by functional fitness levels aiming to identify biomarkers involved in maintaining immune and mental health. Neuroendocrine and immune biomarkers of stress, psychological well-being related to mental health, neurocognitive function, functional fitness, and daily PA will be evaluated. Phase II consists of a 28-week intervention in elders with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) profile (n = 149, >65 years, divided in three groups of exercise and one control group), aiming to investigate whether the positive effect of three different types of chair-based exercise programs on physical and psychological health is mediated by an optimal endocrine environment. Primary outcomes are measures of cognitive function and global health. Secondary outcomes include the evaluation the other dimensions such as immune function, psychological health, and depression. Few studies addressed the effects of different types of exercise interventions in older population samples with MCI. We will also be able to determine which type of exercise is more effective in the immune and hormonal function of this population.

Exercise and ankylosing spondylitis with New York modified criteria: a systematic review of controlled trials with meta-analysis.

Ankylosing spondylitis is a systemic rheumatic disease that affects the axial skeleton, causing inflammatory back pain, structural and functional changes which decrease quality of life. Several treatments for ankylosing spondylitis have been proposed and among them the use of exercise. The present study aims to synthesize information from the literature and identify the results of controlled clinical trials on exercise in patients with ankylosing spondylitis with the New York modified diagnostic criteria and to assess whether exercise is more effective than physical activity to reduce functional impairment. The sources of studies used were: LILACS, Pubmed, EBSCOhost, B-on, personal communication, manual research and lists of references. The criteria used for the studies selection was controlled clinical trials, participants with New York modified diagnostic criteria for ankylosing spondylitis, and with interventions through exercise. The variables studied were related to primary outcomes such as BASFI (Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Functional Index) as a functional index, BASDAI (Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index) as an index of intensity of disease activity and BASMI (Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Metrology Index) as a metrological index assessing patient's limitation on movement. From the 603 studies identified after screening only 37 articles were selected for eligibility, from which 18 studies were included. The methodological quality was assessed to select those with an high methodological expressiveness using the PEDro scale. A cumulative meta-analysis was subsequently performed to compare exercise versus usual level of physical activity. Exercise shows significant statistical outcomes for the BASFI, BASDAI and BASMI, higher than those found for usual level of physical activity.

Precompetitive anxiety and self-confidence in athletes with disability.

This study examined the precompetition temporal patterning of competitive anxiety components in 42 athletes with disability who participated at the national level and at the national trials for the Paralympic Games in a variety of sports. All subjects completed a modified version of the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 which measures intensity and direction of the competitive anxiety response on three occasions before competition (1 wk., 2 hr., and 20 min.). Analysis suggested that for cognitive and somatic dimensions athletes with disabilities show a similar precompetition anxiety response to athletes without disability. However, there appear to be some differences, particularly in the intensity of self-confidence, as athletes with disability reported a reduction of self-confidence just prior to competition.